When dads are feeling a bit depressed or anxious, how do kids fare?
Many parents experience stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms throughout their lives, particularly during times of transition, such as pregnancy and childrenâs entry into school. Studies have generally found that high levels of anxiety and depression in parents are linked to poorer behavioural and cognitive outcomes in children.
A team of researchers led byÌęTina Montreuil, Associate Professor in McGillâs Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology and Scientist in theÌęÌęat the Research Institute of the Ïăœ¶ÊÓÆ” Health Centre (RI-MUHC), has found that slightly higher, but mild anxious or depressive symptoms in fathers were associated with fewer behavioural difficulties in the first years of elementary school and better scores on a standardized IQ test in their children. Their findings are published inÌę.
âOur study shows that both mothers' and fathersâ well-being are important to promote the cognitive-behavioural development of their children, and that they are potentially complementary,â says Prof. Montreuil.
Linking fathersâ mental health to childrenâs development
While the role of mothersâ stress, anxiety and depression on childrenâs behavioural and cognitive development is well established, less is known about the connection between fathersâ mental health and childrenâs development.
The team of researchers examined if paternal anxiety and depressive symptoms, measured during their partnerâs pregnancy, and again six to eight years later, are associated with childrenâs cognitive function and behaviour. They studied this association in a community sample, where parental levels of self-reported anxious and depressive symptoms were variable and typically less severe than among a clinically diagnosed population.
The first assessments, made during pregnancy and in infancy, included parental mental health and psychosocial measures, such as the parentsâ highest level of education, relationship satisfaction, and parenting perceptions. The ancillary study investigation was conducted at the critical age of six to eight years, when children are in the early elementary school years and expected to make increased use of their behavioural and cognitive skills.
âOur findings show that fathersâ reported symptoms of anxiety and/or depression were not associated with worse behavioural and cognitive outcomes in their children, as previously found in other studies,â says Sherri Lee Jones, first author of the study and Research Associate at Douglas Research Centre who was a Postdoctoral Fellow and Research Associate at the RI-MUHC during the study.
More specifically, the researchers found that slightly higher levels of depressive symptoms reported by fathers when their partner was pregnant were associated with fewer behavioural and emotional difficulties in their child at about six to eight years of age. This included children being able to sit still for long periods of time, infrequently losing their temper and having a good attention span, as reported by parents in questionnaires. In contrast, higher symptoms of anxiety and depression among mothers were associated with poorer childhood behavioural outcomes, both at birth and during middle childhood.
At the childhood assessment, slightly higher but still mild paternal anxious and depressive symptoms were both associated with slightly higher scores of cognitive functions in the 6â8 year old children. This was also in contrast to the patterns found among mothers.
Understanding parental influence
The researchers point out that their findings may not be generalizable to parents who are experiencing clinical levels of depression and anxiety, and that none of the factors they examined could explain the associations between the fatherâs mental health symptoms and the childâs outcomes.
âMore studies are needed to understand the respective roles and the combined contribution of parents in child development,â says Prof. Montreuil. âOur findings, like others, point to the importance of coaching individuals transitioning into parenthood. They also highlight the importance of parental attunement. This term refers to the parentâs ability to respond adaptively to their child signals, by attentively adjusting their response to the childâs needs, in a given situation.â
âSince greater parental attunement is associated to child cognitive and social competencies, one potential explanation is that the fathers in our study sample may have shown greater attunement to their child to âcompensateâ for environmental risk factors, such as maternal depressive or anxiety symptoms, or others known predictors,â adds Prof. Montreuil.
About the study
ââÌęby Sherri Lee Jones, Tina Montreuil and al. was published inÌęFrontiers in Psychology.
Lorsque les pĂšres se sentent un peu dĂ©primĂ©s ou anxieux, comment les enfants sâen sortent-ils?
Des résultats de recherche inattendus jettent un nouvel éclairage sur le lien entre la santé mentale des pÚres et le développement comportemental et cognitif des enfants
De nombreux parents Ă©prouvent du stress, de lâanxiĂ©tĂ© et des symptĂŽmes dĂ©pressifs tout au long de leur vie, en particulier pendant les pĂ©riodes de transition, telles que la grossesse et lâentrĂ©e des enfants Ă lâĂ©cole. Les Ă©tudes ont gĂ©nĂ©ralement montrĂ© que des niveaux Ă©levĂ©s dâanxiĂ©tĂ© et de dĂ©pression chez les parents sont liĂ©s Ă de moins bons rĂ©sultats comportementaux et cognitifs chez les enfants.
Or, une Ă©quipe de chercheurs dirigĂ©e parÌęTina Montreuil, professeure agrĂ©gĂ©e au DĂ©partement de psychopĂ©dagogie et psychologie du counseling Ă lâUniversitĂ© McGill et chercheuse au sein duÌęÌęĂ lâInstitut de recherche du Centre universitaire de santĂ© McGill (IR-CUSM), a dĂ©couvert que des symptĂŽmes anxieux ou dĂ©pressifs lĂ©gers, mais un peu plus Ă©levĂ©s chez les pĂšres Ă©taient associĂ©s, chez leurs enfants, Ă moins de difficultĂ©s comportementales au cours des premiĂšres annĂ©es dâĂ©cole primaire et Ă de meilleurs rĂ©sultats Ă un test de QI standardisĂ©. Leurs conclusions sont publiĂ©es dansÌę.
«âNotre Ă©tude montre que le bien-ĂȘtre des mĂšres et des pĂšres est important pour favoriser le dĂ©veloppement cognitif et comportemental des enfants, et que le bien-ĂȘtre de chacun est potentiellement complĂ©mentaireâ», dit la Pre Montreuil.
Relier la santé mentale des pÚres au développement des enfants
Si le rĂŽle du stress, de lâanxiĂ©tĂ© et de la dĂ©pression des mĂšres dans le dĂ©veloppement comportemental et cognitif des enfants est bien Ă©tabli, le lien entre la santĂ© mentale des pĂšres et le dĂ©veloppement des enfants est moins connu.
LâĂ©quipe de chercheurs a donc examinĂ© si les symptĂŽmes anxieux et dĂ©pressifs des pĂšres, mesurĂ©s pendant la grossesse de leur partenaire, puis six Ă huit ans plus tard, Ă©taient associĂ©s Ă la fonction cognitive et au comportement de leurs enfants. Ils ont Ă©tudiĂ© cette association dans un Ă©chantillon communautaire, oĂč les niveaux de symptĂŽmes anxieux et dĂ©pressifs autodĂ©clarĂ©s par les parents Ă©taient variables et gĂ©nĂ©ralement moins graves que dans une population ayant reçu un diagnostic clinique.
Les premiĂšres Ă©valuations, effectuĂ©es pendant la grossesse et la petite enfance, comprenaient des mesures psychosociales et des mesures liĂ©es Ă la santĂ© mentale des parents, telles que leur niveau dâĂ©ducation le plus Ă©levĂ©, leur degrĂ© de satisfaction Ă lâĂ©gard de leur relation et leurs perceptions parentales. LâenquĂȘte de suivi a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e lorsque les enfants avaient atteint lâĂąge critique de six Ă huit ans. Ă cet Ăąge, les enfants en sont Ă leurs premiĂšres annĂ©es dâĂ©cole primaire et on attend dâeux quâils fassent un usage accru de leurs compĂ©tences comportementales et cognitives.
«âNos rĂ©sultats montrent que les symptĂŽmes dâanxiĂ©tĂ© et/ou de dĂ©pression rapportĂ©s par les pĂšres ne sont pas associĂ©s Ă de plus mauvais rĂ©sultats comportementaux et cognitifs chez leurs enfants, comme lâavaient montrĂ© de prĂ©cĂ©dentes Ă©tudesâ», dĂ©clare la premiĂšre auteure de lâĂ©tude, Sherri Lee Jones, autrice principale de lâĂ©tude et associĂ©e de recherche au Centre de recherche Douglas, qui Ă©tait postdoctorante et associĂ©e de recherche Ă lâIR-CUSM durant la rĂ©alisation de lâĂ©tude.
Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, les chercheurs ont constatĂ© que des niveaux lĂ©gĂšrement plus Ă©levĂ©s de symptĂŽmes dĂ©pressifs, signalĂ©s par les pĂšres lorsque leur conjointe Ă©tait enceinte, Ă©taient associĂ©s Ă moins de difficultĂ©s comportementales et Ă©motionnelles chez leur enfant Ă lâĂąge de six Ă huit ans. Selon les questionnaires remplis par les parents, les enfants Ă©taient notamment capables de rester assis sans bouger pendant de longues pĂ©riodes, perdaient rarement leur calme et avaient une bonne capacitĂ© dâattention. En revanche, des symptĂŽmes dâanxiĂ©tĂ© et de dĂ©pression plus Ă©levĂ©s chez les mĂšres, tant Ă la naissance que vers le milieu de lâenfance, Ă©taient associĂ©s Ă de moins bons rĂ©sultats comportementaux chez les enfants de six Ă huit ans.
Il est Ă©galement apparu que des symptĂŽmes anxieux et dĂ©pressifs lĂ©gĂšrement plus marquĂ©s chez les pĂšres, mais encore lĂ©gers au moment de lâĂ©valuation rĂ©alisĂ©e durant lâenfance, Ă©taient associĂ©s Ă des scores un peu plus Ă©levĂ©s en ce qui concerne les fonctions cognitives des enfants ĂągĂ©s de 6 Ă 8 ans. Ces rĂ©sultats contrastent eux aussi avec les tendances associĂ©es aux mĂšres.
Comprendre lâinfluence des parents
Les chercheurs soulignent que leurs rĂ©sultats ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©s aux parents qui prĂ©sentent des niveaux cliniques de dĂ©pression et dâanxiĂ©tĂ©, et quâaucun des facteurs quâils ont examinĂ©s ne pouvait expliquer les associations entre les symptĂŽmes de santĂ© mentale du pĂšre et les rĂ©sultats de lâenfant.
«âDâautres Ă©tudes sont nĂ©cessaires pour comprendre les rĂŽles respectifs et la contribution combinĂ©e des parents dans le dĂ©veloppement de lâenfant, dit la Prof. Montreuil. Nos rĂ©sultats, comme dâautres, soulignent lâimportance dâaccompagner les personnes en transition vers la parentalitĂ©. Ils mettent Ă©galement de lâavant lâimportance de la syntonie parentale. Ce terme fait rĂ©fĂ©rence Ă la capacitĂ© du parent Ă rĂ©pondre de maniĂšre adaptative aux signaux de son enfant, en ajustant attentivement sa rĂ©ponse aux besoins de lâenfant, dans une situation donnĂ©e.â»
«âĂtant donnĂ© quâune plus grande syntonie parentale est associĂ©e aux compĂ©tences cognitives et sociales de lâenfant, une explication possible serait que les pĂšres inclus dans lâĂ©chantillon de notre Ă©tude aient fait preuve dâune plus grande syntonie envers leur enfant pour âcompenserâ les facteurs de risque environnementaux, tels que les symptĂŽmes dĂ©pressifs ou anxieux de la mĂšre, ou dâautres facteurs prĂ©dictifs connusâ», ajoute la Pre Montreuil.
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Lâarticle ââ parÌęSherri Lee Jones, Tina Montreuil et al. a Ă©tĂ© publiĂ© dans la revueÌęFrontiers in Psychology.